On the molecular level, it has been shown that all common LRRK2 PD mutations cause increased LRRK2 kinase activity and/or decreased GTPase activity (West et al., 2005, 2007; Greggio et al., 2006; Jaleel et al., 2007; Luzón-Toro et al., 2007; Aasly et al., 2010; Sheng et al., 2012; Ho et al., 2016). Here, LRRK2 is linked to Parkinson disease.