S100B and clostridium difficile infection: It has been shown that EGCs are reduced in intestinal mucosa tissue during dysbiosis (Kimono et al., 2019); similarly, we showed that microbiota disruption by antibiotic exposure trended to decrease S100B levels in uninfected mice on day 1 p.i. Inflamed colonic tissues from patients with CDI have been shown to have an elevated expression of GFAP, another enteric glial factor (von Boyen et al., 2011).