Increased S100B immunostaining was observed in colon mucosal, submucosal, and myenteric plexus tissues from patients with CDI (Figure 1A), and these results were verified by increased percentages of S100B-immunopositive cells in patients with CDI compared to control subjects (p < 0.0001, Figure 1B). Here, S100B is linked to clostridium difficile infection.