IL1B and clostridium difficile infection: Although IL-22 is regulated by IL-1β (Seshadri et al., 2018), other mediators such as TGFβ, which tended towards an increase in CDI mice treated with pentamidine (Figure 3A) and was shown to be protective against epithelial damage induced by C. difficile toxins (Tinoco-Veras et al., 2017), have also been involved in regulating IL-22 levels (Johnson et al., 2013; Perez et al., 2020).