It has been shown that EGCs are reduced in intestinal mucosa tissue during dysbiosis (Kimono et al., 2019); similarly, we showed that microbiota disruption by antibiotic exposure trended to decrease S100B levels in uninfected mice on day 1 p.i. Inflamed colonic tissues from patients with CDI have been shown to have an elevated expression of GFAP, another enteric glial factor (von Boyen et al., 2011). Here, GFAP is linked to clostridium difficile infection.