ACE and congenital rubella syndrome: Specifically, alpha diversity analysis showed significantly reduced ACE (Figure 5A, P = 0.00051, Active vs HC) and Chao1 (Figure 5D, P = 0.02525 Active vs CRS; P = 0.00308, Active vs HC) indices of nasal bacterial populations of patients with active disease compared with that of the nasal bacterial populations of CRS patients or HCs.