NRF1 and inflammatory response: Redente et al. (2011) illustrated that testosterone’s defending role against bleomycin-induced ALI is through inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediated neutrophil alveolitis. It has been observed that testosterone inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and inflammatory adipocytokines with a cumulative effect on the anti-inflammatory adiponectin (Bianchi, 2019). Wang et al. (2021) revealed that testosterone therapy reduces lung inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and the NF-κB signaling pathway.