The molecular targets and signaling pathways involved in the anti-tumor activity of ursolic acid include Bcl2/Bax, Caspases, PARP, MAPKs, mTOR, AKT, COX2, p53, p21, NF-κB, JAK2/STAT3, VEGF, HIF-1α and so on (45). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and neoplasm.