TGFB1 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: For example, CD163+ M2-polarized macrophages in the NPC microenvironment are considered to associate with worse prognosis and facilitate the development of a pre-metastasis niche by secreting pro-angiogenesis cytokines, including VEGF, MMP9, TGFB1 and PLA2G7 (97–99).