VEGFA and neoplasm: The receptor tyrosine kinase pathway activates multiple growth factor receptors (VEGF, EGFR, and IGF receptor) that activate downstream signaling pathways including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, the Ras/Raf/MEK pathway, and the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway, which promote tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis (136).