AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: According to the chronic hepatitis B guidelines issued by the World Health Organization in 2015 (127), it is recommended that high-risk groups should undergo AFP and ultrasound examinations every 6 months to monitor the occurrence of HCC, including patients with liver cirrhosis, patients with family history of HCC, and HBV DNA over 40 years old among non-cirrhotic patients with levels exceeding 2000 IU/mL.