NPPA and cardiac hypertrophy: In the developed cardiac hypertrophy model, the expression levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), cardiac myosin heavy chain beta (MHC-β) and alpha skeletal muscle actin (ACTA1) increase significantly, as shown by the confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) images and plots in Fig. 3e, f, indicating that the disordered gene expression of myocardial cells under cardiac hypertrophy is closely related to the progression of heart failure71,72.