In 2021, Demmings et al. explored the role of ATF4 in neuronal cell death in MPP+- and (6-hydroxydopamine-) 6-OHDA-induced PD mouse models and found that α-synuclein aggregation could cause significant elevation of ATF4 expression in mouse cortical and mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons [101]. Here, SNCA is linked to Parkinson disease.