In addition, CD4+ Th1 secreting cytokines such as TNF may effectively inhibit angiogenesis as well as facilitate the activation and proliferation of CD8+ TILs, which could directly kill tumor cells (Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis [OTTA] Consortium, Goode et al., 2017; Hao et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.