Dihydroartemisinin significantly inhibited phosphorylation of IKKα, IκBα, and NF-κB (p65) in DSS-induced murine colitis and IEC-6 cells treated with LPS (37) while artesunate remarkably suppressed the NF-κB activation with a reduction in mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and an increase in IL-10 gene expression (41, 44, 45). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is colitis.