KISS1R and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: Moreover, an indispensable role of kisspeptin as a neuropeptide in the central nervous system regulating reproduction in humans, was uncovered by two studies published in 2003 (51, 52): Two groups from the US and France independently demonstrated inactivating mutations of the GPR54 gene in patients suffering from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with pubertal failure.