Specifically, it has been proposed that activation of adaptive immunity can be used as a biomarker for ADPKD: increased levels of interleukins (IL-23, IL-6, and, in particular, IL-17) in serum and urine in ADPKD patients and enhanced expression of SEMA7A (Semaphorin 7A) protein on immune cells (Soleimani et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2018). Here, IL6 is linked to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.