Although significant results have been achieved in our current study, there are still some points that need further explanation, which might be addressed in our subsequent research: first, the current observations were based on laboratory models, clinical evidence regarding the effectiveness of gardenoside in the treatment of NAFLD and its mechanism of action via CTCF-DPP4 cascade is still lacking. Here, CTCF is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.