However, in pure volume overload conditions, the effects of ACE inhibitors remain unclear: Although, in rats with aortic regurgitation, ACE inhibitors reduced left ventricle hypertrophy and improved survival (Arsenault et al., 2013), they failed to attenuate left ventricle remodeling in dogs with mitral regurgitation (Dell’italia et al., 1997; Perry et al., 2002) and rats with aortocaval fistula (Ryan et al., 2007). The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is aortic valve insufficiency.