INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Several mechanistic studies have found that ZXD, ZX, BZ, and other active derivatives could treat NAFLD through the modulation of insulin, and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB and PPAR pathways, thereby suppressing inflammation and lowering lipid levels in treated individuals (Dan et al., 2011; Song et al., 2014; Li et al., 2016; Bi et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2018).