Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of neuropeptides, such as pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), have been widely demonstrated in PD models in vivo and in vitro (Joers et al., 2017; Campos-Acuna et al., 2019; Panicker et al., 2019). Here, ADCYAP1 is linked to Parkinson disease.