NGF and Alzheimer disease: Furthermore, comparative studies carried out on adult and aged anti-NGF AD11 transgenic mice – an animal model characterized by AD-like neuropathology following chronic NGF antibody-mediated deprivation – have clearly demonstrated that ocular administration is less effective than intranasal delivery to protect cholinergic neurons and prevent behavioral deficits, even if used at higher doses (Capsoni et al., 2009; Covaceuszach et al., 2009).