BDNF and glioma: Using an immortalized C6 glioma cell line, this group showed that ketamine induced a translocation of Gαs from lipid raft to non-raft domains, resulting in an increase in intracellular cAMP and a subsequent phosphorylation and activation of transcriptional regulator CREB, ultimately upregulating production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).