TNF and Alzheimer disease: In vivo studies using conventional TNF or TNFR knockout mice, or TNF inhibitors, showed neurotoxic roles for solTNF and TNFR1 in a wide range of experimental models including ischemia-reperfusion retinal damage [17], spinal cord injury [52], Parkinson’s disease [53], Alzheimer’s disease [54], and MS [18, 19].