VCAM1 and atherosclerosis: When comparisons were made among vehicle-treated control iMAEC, iMAEC treated with 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol/9-cis-retinoic acid, and iMAEC treated with GW3965/SR11237, there were no significant differences in mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory adhesion molecules and cytokines ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-6, and CCL2 (i.e., MCP-1) [45] (Figure 4A–D), which is imperative, as all of these measured genes are recognized as playing a prominent role in atherosclerosis development and vascular inflammation [46].