We chose patients with Crohn’s disease who are positive for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and patients with celiac disease who are positive for α-gliadin and transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies, because these two autoimmune disorders are associated with intestinal tissue antigens, and we wish to study the association of aluminum accumulation in the gut with autoimmune diseases. Here, TGM2 is linked to autoimmune disease.