TNF and diabetes mellitus: The infiltration of pancreatic β-cells causes insulitis, which in turn leads to an increase in the expression of key inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1β (IL-1 β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (INF-γ), which induce apoptotic events and complete destruction of pancreatic β-cells and diabetes [105,106,107].