MAPK3 and ischemia: It is found that treatments of cultured astrocytes with the higher concentration of resveratrol (>25 μM) increase ammonia, ischemia, as well as trauma-induced cell swelling through increasing phosphorylated ERK1/2 and p38MAPK, as well as enhancing the activity of the Na+-K+-Cl− co-transporter-1 (NKCC1), further suggesting a lower concentration at 5 or 10 μM of resveratrol for a protective and safe dose [38].