Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of these gene signatures by Spearman analysis formed 4 distinctive modules concerning 1) IFN responses and restriction of viral replication, 2) macrophage differentiation and function, 3) mixed pathways consisting of TNF and NF-κB signaling pathways, macrophage differentiation/activation, NKT pathway and the responses to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, 4) macrophage inactivation and immunodeficiency (Fig. 4h). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is immunodeficiency disease.