Specifically, the infiltration, functional activation and differentiation potentials of several types of macrophages and the NF-κB activation were more active in the asymptomatic cases while the type-I IFN signaling, viral replication inhibition, antigen presentation, TNF and IFN-γ signaling, immunodeficiency, lymphocyte exhaustion, an NKT pathway, and response upon SARS-CoV-related viral infection were more positively associated with the presymptomatic cases (Fig. 4b–g and Supplementary information, Fig. S5f–p). Here, TNF is linked to immunodeficiency disease.