However, a Mendelian randomization study exploring the epidemiological association between NAFLD and cardiovascular diseases carried out in two large European cohorts found no evidence for a causal relationship between NAFLD and cardiovascular disease by examining two steatogenic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene and in the transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) gene [34].The findings persisted when meta-analysed together with the CARDIoGRAMplus C4D consortium data [34, 35]. This evidence concerns the gene PNPLA3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.