TNF and Arthritis: However, an experimental study reported that cells positive for tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, which are critical in mediating the destruction of the cartilage and bone in arthritis; were decreased after Hominis placenta injection in rats with adjuvant-induced polyarthritis.[15] In the present case report, intra-articular injection of Hominis placenta showed clinical improvements in PTOA, and it can be assumed that the anti-inflammatory effect of Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture helped alleviate the symptoms of PTOA.