TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The discovery of increased circulating inflammatory factors such as C-reactive protein (CRP), chemokines, and cytokines in T2D patients, as well as elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the adipose tissue, associated with obesity-related IR and islet inflammation, creates a new era of understanding of the pathophysiology of T2D and sheds light on the pathogenic role of inflammation [3].