NOD2 and Cowden disease: Mutations in ATG16L1 and NOD2 in Paneth cells are associated with abnormalities in packaging and secretion of antimicrobials (Liu et al., 2014; VanDussen et al., 2014), therefore, affecting the antibacterial activity of the intestinal barrier by reduced secretion of mucosal α-defensins observed in CD (Wehkamp et al., 2004, 2005; Kobayashi et al., 2005; Petnicki-Ocwieja et al., 2009).