CCL2 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Also, targeting the CSF1–CSF1R pathway improves the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of HCC (CTLA4, PD1) (113), and pharmacological approaches to directly target TAMs, via knocking out CCL2 or antibodies and fusion proteins against other TAM-specific chemokines, reduced migration and invasion of HCC cell lines (17).