BMAL1 and gestational diabetes: Pappa et al. (2013a) studied BMAL1 polymorphisms in GDM women and healthy controls and showed that the rs7950226 (G > A) and rs11022775 (T > C) polymorphisms of the BMAL1 gene, combined with the rs7950226A/rs11022775C haplotypes were able to increase the susceptibility to GDM. In addition, the expression level of BMAL1 mRNA from peripheral blood was significantly decreased in GDM patients compared to healthy controls (Pappa et al., 2013b).