TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the adipose tissue are due to the enlargement of white adipose tissue (increased adiposity), which characterized obese animals causing the recruitment and activation of immune cell subsets in the white adipose tissue, which systemically induces the low-grade inflammation that in turns aggravate systemic and peripheral insulin resistance, contributing to the complications of obesity as earlier reported25,60.