KLK3 and posterior cortical atrophy: To separate the high-risk aggressive PCa (AG) from low-risk non-aggressive indolent tumors (NAG), multiple risk stratification systems have been developed, including the combination of both clinical and pathological parameters (such as Gleason score/ISUP grade, PSA levels, clinical and pathological staging); however, these tools are still fail to adequately predicting the disease progression and outcomes7,8.