PVR and cancer: For example, expression of CXCL13, CXCL9, XCL2, CCL5, cytokines regulating immune cell recruitment and CD27, CD28, ICOS, IL21, the stimulatory signaling of T-cell activation and clonal expansion were significantly decreased, whereas expression of PVR (CD155), TGFB1, NT5E (CD73), VEGFA, CD276 (B7-H3) the immune suppressive genes were upregulated in 9p21-loss cancers.