Among them, some are promising therapeutic targets in cancer immunotherapy such as TGF-β signaling (TGFB1, SMAD3)6,42,43, Siglec-15 (SIGLEC15)44,45, CEACAM146,47, VEGFA48, and other druggable targets such as PRMT149–51, and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM)52–54, and glucose transporter 1 (SLC2A1/GLUT1)55,56. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD3 and cancer.