VTCN1 and cancer: With the available datasets, we identified multiple potential druggable targets (Fig. 6g) including TGF-β signaling6,42,43, CDK6, PRMT149–51, CD73, glucose transporter 155,56, Siglec-1544,45, TIGIT pathway, VEGFA48, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2)52–54, and B7-H4 (VTCN1) that were upregulated in multiple cancer types, and CEACAM1, IDO1, and SIRPa that were tumor-type specific.