STAT1 and Cowden disease: Of note, elevated levels of IFN-γ-secreting cells [30–32] and increased STAT1 activation [33] are often found in CD lesions, while genes encoding members of the IFN-γ pathway overlap IBD-general (IFNG, JAK2 and STAT1) or CD-specific (IFNGR2) susceptibility loci [34].