SMAD1 and neoplasm: GSK3 beta (phospho S9) and GSK3 alpha (phospho S21) were attenuated, and the levels of β-catenin, BMP1, p-SMAD1 (S206), p-SMAD2 (S467), and p-SMAD3 (S423+S425) were elevated in the formed tumor tissues following FSTL3 overexpression (P < 0.05, Figure 6E, 6F).