The emerging role of αVβ8 integrin in TGF-β1 (and likely TGF-β3) activation has led to intense research into both antibody and small molecule inhibitors of αVβ8 integrin–TGF-β interactions for the treatment (and monitoring) of fibrotic and neoplastic disease (15, 16, 34, 54). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB3 and neoplasm.