DMD and neuromuscular disease caused by qualitative or quantitative defects of dystrophin: Since besides dystrophin, the dystrophin-associated protein complex also plays a key role in the pathogenesis of dystrophinopathy [137], its core structure and diverse interconnectivity with the actin cytoskeleton, sarcolemma membrane, ion-regulatory components and the extracellular matrix is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 3.