TNF and infection: Even within an hour after infection, many cells in the immune system will start to produce a wide profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines.47, 48, 49, 50 The cytokine expression data shortly after PBMC-mediated virotherapy of tumor-bearing mice revealed a clear change in circulating cytokine profiles between the unarmed MYXV and TNF-armed MYXV, such that we could distinguish between cytokine modulations caused by the platform MYXV alone compared to the expressed TNF transgene.