Inhibition of this miRNA is related to the progression of atherosclerosis via increasing expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MKK3), inducing both p38 and the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) signaling pathway and regulating the expression of different pro-inflammatory mediators, including lipopolysaccharides and TNF-α (126, 132). Here, MAP2K3 is linked to atherosclerosis.