CCL2 and endothelial dysfunction: Binding of soluble CD40L (sCD40L), derived from activated platelet, to CD40 on SMC, and endothelium causes endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1), VCAM-1, ICAM, MCP-1, MMPs, fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet activation, and thus the production of ROS and RNS (9, 60–62).