INS and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The following parameters were included as predictive factors: male sex (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.27–2.33, p < 0.001), age ≥ 75 years (OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.61–3.31, p < 0.001), BMI < 25 (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.92–3.50, p < 0.001), COPD (OR = 6.58, 95% CI: 2.09–20.7, p = 0.001), hypertension (OR = 4.27, 95% CI: 3.12–5.85, p < 0.001), CHD (OR = 2.98, 95% CI: 1.61–5.52, p < 0.001), renal failure (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.002–3.29, p = 0.049), cancer (OR = 3.57, 95% CI: 1.80–7.06, p < 0.001), use of insulin (OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.60–3.25, p < 0.001), and HbA1c ≥ 9% (OR = 2.70, 95% CI: 1.89–3.85, p < 0.001).