A subset of IMA signature genes, including those known to participate in innate and intrinsic restriction of viral infection (IFI16, TRIM22, IFITM2, IFITM3, ISG15, IRF7, STAT1, MX1 and MX2), chemokines (CCL5 and CXCL10) and other ISGs (IFI35, IFI44), were significantly increased in post-healed skin biopsies at 2- or 8-week post healing (Figure 6D and Supplementary Tables 2, 3). The gene discussed is IFI44; the disease is viral infectious disease.