Moreover, lack of alpha-1-antitrypsin, an endogenous NSP inhibitor, in patients with AATD (dysfunctional SERPINA1 gene, primarily found in the respiratory system) is characterized by severe respiratory problems caused by excessive degradation of lung parenchyma, increased inflammation and increased susceptibility to infections (44). The gene discussed is SERPINA1; the disease is alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.