The evidence laid out across our paradigms further suggests that Smo signaling may functionally oppose the well established D2R mediated inhibition of CIN29 given that increasing Smo activity relative to DA signaling in CIN attenuated LID while increasing DA signaling by L-Dopa or DAN stimulation facilitated LID (Fig. 8a–d). The gene discussed is DRD2; the disease is cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.