CD28 and cancer: As previously observed for other types of cancer in the tumor compared to the blood19,20, we noticed the decrease in naive T cells (Tn; mainly represented by C2 for CD4+ and C4 for CD8+), CD4+ central memory T (Tcm) cells (CD4+ C3), CD27+ CD28+ early memory CD8+ T cell (Tmem; CD8+ C2), and GZMB+ CD27− CD28− CX3CR1dull CD8+ Temra cells (CD8+ C1), accompanied by the increase in HLA-DRhi CD39hi Tregs (CD4+ C5), as well as effector CD8+ T cells featuring CD69, the inhibitory receptors PD-1 and, in part, GZMK (CD8+ C3 and C5) (Fig. 1b, c).