TNF and fatty liver disease: The mRNA expressions of inflammatory genes such as IL-6, MCP-1, and TNFα in the HFD group were increased than those in the SCD group, while dapagliflozin showed no significant reduction on that compared with the HFD-DMSO group except for MCP-1 (Figure 4c), suggesting that the improvement of dapagliflozin on hepatic steatosis may not be mostly dependent on the inflammatory pathway.