TLR4 and infection: To investigate whether A. muciniphila can inhibit the expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in LX-2 cells, we coinfected live and pasteurized A. muciniphila with three different multiplicities of infection (MOIs 1, 10, and 100) and EVs in various concentrations (1, 10, and 50 μg/ml) for 24 h.