DMD and Cognitive impairment: Proximal mutations that selectively affect the expression of Dp427 are associated with mild central alterations, whereas distal mutations causing a cumulative loss of Dp427 and loss of one or both of the shorter brain dystrophins Dp140 and Dp71 are frequently linked to severe cognitive deficits and lower IQ scores (intellectual disability) (Daoud et al., 2009a; Felisari et al., 2000; Lorusso et al., 2013; Ricotti et al., 2016; Taylor et al., 2010).