Macroscopic brain abnormalities, such as ventricular enlargement and cortical atrophy in line with grey and white-matter alterations and/or changes in brain metabolism and perfusion, have been reported in some DMD patients, with an apparently higher prevalence when distal mutations affect expression of several dystrophins, particularly Dp140 (Septien et al., 1991; Anderson et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2002; Doorenweerd et al., 2014, 2017). Here, DMD is linked to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.