We found that the level of Treg-mediated suppression of anti-CEA tumour immune responses (TNFα, IFNγ) through the PGE2-cAMP pathway at the time of surgery predicts future outcome, as patients with recurrent disease after 18 months had significantly more Treg suppression of anti-tumour responses than patients that did not recur and also presented with elevated PGE2 levels as the disease recurred [26]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.