RAN and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: For example, expression of dipeptide repeat products resulting from C9 ALS/FTD GGGGCC RAN translation are sufficient to elicit toxicity in model systems even in the absence of repetitive RNA (May et al, 2014; Mizielinska et al, 2014; Wen et al, 2014; Jovičić et al, 2015; Lee et al, 2016; Zhang et al, 2018, 2019).